My Site Visit On Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, And The Jewish...

For my site visit project, I visited Kesher Israel in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, which is an Orthodox synagogue. I attended a worship service on Shabbat, which is the Jewish Sabbath. Upon entering the synagogue, I was directed to the women’s section of the synagogue and obtained a copy of the Torah and The Siddur. Throughout the service, I was able to follow along in both texts, since they contained English translations and the page numbers were displayed on the wall. While waiting for the service to begin, I observed the men wrapping the tallit, or prayer shawl, around themselves. I also observed the detailed design and coloring of the Parochet, which covers the Ark, where the Torah is kept. Shortly after I arrived, I was first†¦show more content†¦Since I visited Kesher Israel on Shabbat, there were a lot of rules that I had to pay attention to. For example, I was not able to take pictures for my project inside the synagogue, since the use of telephones and el ectronics is prohibited. Additionally, I could not interview Arielle in front of the congregants out of respect, since writing is also prohibited. Other restrictions on Shabbat include driving or riding in vehicles, cooking, and shopping. After the service, I was able to ask Arielle some questions pertaining to the service and Judaism in general. First, I asked about the differences between Orthodox and Reform Judaism. Arielle explained that Orthodox Judaism is the most strictly traditional of the three main branches, which are Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform Judaism. Orthodox Jews maintain that the Torah is the direct word of God, thus they uphold the commandments in it as God’s commandments, and deem that unquestionable. Rabbinic writings help humans define God’s laws as just as important, since they are explaining what God says in commandments, and are therefore the word of God. Orthodox Jews also believe that the Torah was given from God to Moses, who then gave it to humanity. Also, Orthodox Jews observe the Sabbath and other holidays by refraining from the kinds of work specified in the Torah. In addition, Orthodox Jews are strictly Kosher, men and women are seated separately, and men and women have separate

Top Social Work Essay Topics Guide!

Top Social Work Essay Topics Guide! It's simple to point out an essay which has been written solely for the interest of it. The point is to be certain the decent results outweigh the bad. Only social work majors can get licensed social workers in the majority of states. Being part of a great educational institution can be rather costly. Social workers main stream work is to supply help to people locally. They should take reasonable steps to enhance such clients' ability to give informed consent. They are a part of the few who do care. Conclusion Social workers are necessary in the world these days, while it is in a medical care field or corrections it knowing the significance of the roles and the impacts it has on people. You may even add your own on the way. There is a good deal more change I would love to affect for more people, and on a bigger scale. In any event, you'll have a lot to chat about and why it is very important to continue the work you've done. Occasionally it's best to simply request assistance. If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Social Work Essay Topics It can be useful to consider about the activity of essay writing as joining an academic conversation on a certain topic. The expression essay should be constructed on facts and arguments, or so the text to be relevant and reliable. In addition, this issue of your paper needs to be interesting not just for you but also for your audience. By writing a superb personal essay! Start by developing a few documents with a couple topics allow one to practice diverse fashions. It's a lot more challenging to appear inward and choose to change ourselves. Who Else Wants to Learn About Social Work Essay Topics? Various varieties of social work essays exist with the aim of dissecting two common categories. Your ideas wouldn't sound convinced and strong if they aren't supported by the factual data. Since there are lots of problems that can be tackled in a social work essay, we've narrowed down some topics that may easily be discussed on your very first try. Generally, social science research, a scientific research, applies similar research methodologies the exact same as different kinds of research like marketing research that's inherent with both quantitative strategy and qualitative strategy, clinical research that is emphasized on specific areas like pharmaceutical, chemical, health care research, etc. Utilized by international education is a significant portion of your emphasis ought to be on writing guide. A number of them actually take part in building design and accommodate future professionals to achieve that. Proposals to raise the professionalism among social workers have made a crisis in social work. Proposals to raise the period of training of social workers and elevate their status aren't the answer. A perfect way to study the best way to compose an exceptional analysis is constantly to just take practice examinations. Moreover, you may also go through the completely free social work essay samples readily available on our site to rate the superior work we deliver. Some say it's an issue of substance, but others point to the format and writing techniques. The total format of your essay, for example, font size and margins, will solely are based on the instructions offered to you. Based on your methodology the outcomes of your work may differ. If you can't be strong for your customers, then you aren't likely to be in a position to give them with the support they require. If you're applying in the industry of social work, you're already unique. Group work is an essential part of life, and specifically, a vital part of social work practice.

Helios Essay Example For Students

Helios Essay HeliosHelios, the Greek sun god, was also known as Sol in Roman mythology. Hewas the father of Aeets and Circe. He was married to Perseis. He had twosisters, Selene, the goddess of the moon, and Eos, the goddess of dawn. Ancient Greeks believed that everyday Helios drove a chariot pulled byfour horses across the sky with a giant flaming ball in it. He rode with hissister Eos, the goddess of dawn. There are several different stories about howhe got back to the East. One story says that he rode in a giant golden cup onthe river Oceanus. In other stories he returned by boat. Helios fed his horsesherbs on the Isle of the Blessed. When Zeus was dividing up the universe, Helios was either gone orforgotten so Zeus gave him the island of Rhodes where a giant statue of himstood. The statue was knocked down by a giant earthquake. Helios journeys made him an all-seeing god, and people often calledupon him to witness their oaths. He is often confused with Apollo the god oflightEnglish

Natural Selection Among the Foraging Blue Jays

David Stephens and Dack Anderson discussed the theory of short-term benefits as guide to animal feeding decisions. In a series of experiments conducted in an operant laboratory, blue jay birds were the subjects of the study. The foraging animals were tested in two situations namely the self control paradigm and the patch-use problems.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Natural Selection Among the Foraging Blue Jays specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article details how natural selection among the foraging blue jays favour short term rules which result to long term consequences. The paper discusses how to combine time and amount in a suitable currency that mirrors the fitness consequences of different time/ amount sequences and determines the decision rules foragers apply to select the currency maximizing time/ amount sequence from a determined set of possibilities and investigating the relationship between decisi on rules and currencies. Foragers’ farsighted way in choosing is contradicted by laboratory experiments where the blue jays made short sighted decisions. The logic of farsightedness is best illustrated in the traditional studies of Stephens and Krebs (1986) where long term rate maximizing currency is infinite gain/ infinite time however this logic cannot be generally valid because food gained after starvation is not of any use thus the expression is too farsighted. Two groups of scholars presented an alternative to this proposal where the best rate is attained one at a time thus being short sighted (Bateson and Kacelnik, 1996; Baum and Rachlin, 1969) but Stephens and Krebs (1986) argued that when the maximum rate is taken from each chance, time may be exhausted on a mediocre alternative. The authors concluded that both long term and short term models presented are of extremes thus introducing a discount rate which measures the comparative loss of value in order to create inte rmediate term models. In this notion the long term model is determined when the discount rate is zero since the value of the gain is the same even if it was obtained early or late in a sequence but as the discount rate becomes larger the approach becomes that of the short term model. The discount rates are expected to be non-zero.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the authors, the long term model is the most sensible because it provides a rational estimate of rate even in a restricted time horizon. It is farsighted enough to pass over bad options and rational discount rates are small. Short sightedness is evident in the notion that animals often make prejudiced decisions which was concluded in the self control experiment. In a self control situation long term rate model predicts that animals will choose Gain1 over inter-trial interval plus delay before the small amount plus post feeding delay over the second alternative which is post feeding delay over inter-trial interval plus delay before the large amount as long as the former is greater than the later with consideration to temporal rates such as delay to food, post feeding delay and inter-trial delay. However these temporal rates are not treated equally by animals according to experiments. Evolutionary models can accommodate small discounting outcomes but they challenge the predictions of self control experiments. The latter show that short term hindrances have large effects. Scholars interpret such disagreements by disregarding the model and accepting the data. The blue jays were given a binary choice in the self control situation while the same subjects were given a choice to continue or leave where they follow a future patch alternative in the patch-use exploitation. The latter shows the effects of travel time on rate maximizing patch residence time. In the patch-use situation, the ja ys’ choice has comparable consequences but the subjects choose whether to wait in the patch and gather (G2 – G1) extra units of food or to leave at once after attaining a small amount (G1). In order to determine the different patterns of choices in the self control and patch-use contexts, the authors considered such in the context of 50 and 5 discount rate levels of delay to small. Results of the experiment concluded that when the delay to small was of ample amount (50) preferences of the blue jays were not affected by the ITI thus large outcome in the patch-use context was more favourable but when the delay to small was few (5), outcome was more complex. In the control situation, the jays’ favour for large decreased together with the ITI while in the patch-use situation the subjects’ favour increased for the large together with the ITI. The jays preferred large when the ITI was small in the self control situation while in the patch-use situation, the for aging animals preferred large when the ITI was large.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Natural Selection Among the Foraging Blue Jays specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As predicted in the long term theory, the patch-use situation showed that the jays favoured large delayed outcomes as ITI increased but in the self control situation the outcomes are not the same. The authors presented situations that prove how results from both experiments (patch-use and self control) lead to long term rate maximizing. In the long term model situation results show that the patch-use context is in line with the long term rate model while the self control situation contradicts. According to the short term rate model, results of the self control treatment of binary choice conform to short term rate models while the outcomes of patch-use exploitation conforms to the long term rate currency. Both the self control and patch use situatio ns were compared in the same rule different outcome analysis. This analysis resulted in the conclusion that in the patch-use experiment, short term rates were obtained with long term rate maximization but in the self control situation the conclusion differs. The authors concluded that short term rule always agrees with the difference in long term rates according to the patch-use exploitation situation though such rule produces outcomes in relation to short sighted behaviour in the self control situation thus the subjects use the same short term rule in deciding for both cases but producing different outcomes. For the adaptive short term rules scenario, it has been found out that the natural process of selection among foraging animals has favoured short term rate comparisons for they measure long term rate maximization in natural decision contexts. The hypothesis deals with the usage of the same rule in patch-use and self control contexts and the representation of patch condition as natural foraging problems. The long term rate currency of foraging theory has been contradicted by self control studies and risk sensitive preferences. According to the risk sensitivity studies of Kacelnik and Bateson (1996), foraging animals favour changeable postponements even though unlimited time horizon rate models forecast indifference to unpredictability. The authors of the article argue that the evidence of self control of short term rules is not evidence of short term currency because in natural decision context, short term rules can have long term consequences.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally the authors theorized that pragmatic patterns of favour can be accounted by long term rate currency which includes reasonable levels of discounting. Foraging species favour attaining short term rewards with a minimal advantage over long term ones in abundance. The usual technique of elicitation of the inter-temporal discount rate has been critically challenged by scholars over the years when empirical studies discovered systematic violations of assumptions such as time consistency of preferences, stationary, constant discounting and utility maximization (Kalenscher and Pennartz, 2007). The discounted utility theory has limited descriptive validity because it fails to effectively depict the authenticity of inter-temporal choice behaviour. â€Å"Common difference and immediacy effects and the fact that preference reversals occur after deferring all choice alternatives into the future by the same interval, violate assumptions of consistent choice: (Kalenscher and Pennartz, 200 7). Foraging animals’ preferences do not depend on the proportion of gains and time in between such achievements but rather on the waiting time prior to the rewards. The technique becomes incoherent with the original and most favourable foraging formulation where animals are seen to sacrifice rather than maximize. The inter-temporal choice notion that it can be compressed into a single discount function is challenged by other variances such as the sign, magnitude and framing effects. When making inter-temporal decisions, foraging animals break vital assumptions in discount rates. Other limitations of such technique include the inability of long term theory to predict consistently the increase of favour for large together with ITI because choice in proportion cannot exceed 100% thus broad conditions exist where ITI has no effect. In the patch-use situation, ITI is hard to detect when favour for large is high, another drawback is with regards to the linear relationship in focus ing on temporal elements, where in reality the relationship between the amount and value can never be linear and lastly the authors’ assumption of animals’ preferences of short term rules over long term rules are not mutually exclusive. Critics of the usual technique of elicitation of the inter-temporal discount rate methods can be traced to their inability to provide consistent outcomes over time. Systematic violations also occur with regards to assumptions such as time consistency of preferences, stationary, constant discounting and utility maximization. These factors gravely affect results thus the method is questionable in providing valid outcomes in experiments. Hyperbolic discounting is inconsistent because it only measures the discounted outcomes of the near future and rather than the far future. The pattern of discounting is also inconsistent because how one subject’s decisions may be based on different aspects one considers than the other. In human beha viour discounting is influenced by the person’s expectations, moods, sign, glucose levels and the like which may differ from one person to another. Experimental ecology has provided a method in testing the inter-temporal choice behaviours of human beings though discounting can only provide outcomes of the near future and is limited to predict results in the far future, experimental ecology enables scholars to study patterns of choice. Patterns can be explained through discounting methods offered by the experiment in distinguishing the delay and interval of discounting. The experiment can help scholars analyse human behaviours in terms of people’s decisions and the future consequences they regard in making such choices by considering the variability of discount rates the experiment may provide. Experimental ecology provides scholars close to accurate approximations of outcomes through a series of controlled examinations of hypothesis and theories. It enables scholars to manipulate evidences and test models where distractions in their natural habitats may disrupt findings. If a model disagrees with data, the former will be rejected and the latter will be followed accordingly. In determining the feeding decisions of foraging animals such as blue jays, Stephen and Anderson compared the self control and patch-use experiments where in the former the jays were given a binary choice, obtain gains in a short period of time even if it is a few in quantity or wait for a period of time and obtain more gains while the in the latter case jays are given a choice to attain a gain and leave or continue and receive more gains. In both experiments the approach is similar but outcomes vary. In the self control approach the authors found out that it tends to lean on the short term model and that the patch-use situation is associated with the long term model. Techniques in the elicitation of inter-temporal discount rates help predict outcomes in behaviours of foraging animals in their decisions towards feeding but it presents limitations such as the violations of the theory’s assumptions and the consistency of predictions which may present as a problem in synthesizing conclusions for experiments. Furthermore, the assumption of linear relationships in the experiment deemed itself inconsistent because in reality relationships can never be linear. Though experimental ecology has its critics, contributions of such in the field can be attributed to its ability to control external factors that may disrupt results of the study and through experimentations theories and hypothesis can be proven through actual examinations. Reference List Bateson, M and Kacclnik, A 1996. â€Å"Rate currencies and the foraging starling: the fallacy of the averages revisited†, Behavioural Ecology, vol. 7, no. 3, pp.341-352. Baum, W and Rachlin, H 1969. â€Å"Choice as time allocation†, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behaviour, vol.12, no. 6, pp .861-874. Kacclnik, A and Bateson, M 1996, â€Å"Risky theories – the effects of variance on foraging decisions†, American Zoology, vol. 36, pp.402-434. Kalenscher, T and Pennartz, C 2007, â€Å"Is a bird in the hand worth two in the future? The neuroeconomics of inter-temporal decision making†, Progressive in Neurobiology, pp.1-32. Available from:  https://www.journals.elsevier.com/progress-in-neurobiology [26 December 2011]. Stephen, D and Krebs, J 1986, Foraging theory: Monographs in behaviour and ecology, Princeton University Press, New Jersey. This report on Natural Selection Among the Foraging Blue Jays was written and submitted by user Isabell Wilkinson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.